Mt Kilimanjaro Trekking
HISTORY
The geological origin of the Kilimanjaro massif is strictly related to the formation of the Rift Valley, dated back to the early Pleistocene, about one and a half million years ago. Since those times the mountain's volcanic activity was merely concentrated in three locations: the craters of Shira, Kibo and Mawenzi. They evolved separately but, a few hundreds of thousands of years ago, their summits were all above 5000mt. Slowly Shira first, and Mawenzi later on, became extinct, whereas only Kibo remains active. Kibo’s eruptions covered up with lava parts of the eroded Shira crater, originating the plain today known as "Shira Plateau" and creating the almost flat lava plain called "The Saddle", towards Mawenzi. Kibo’s last eruption occurred 100 000 years ago, when it reached a height of more than 5900mt. At present Kibo is a dormant active volcano: a strong sulphur smell sometimes prevails inside the crater and fumaroles still escape from the inner Ash Pit. The origin of the name "Kilimanjaro" is still shrouded in mystery. In Kiswahili, the word Kilima literally means "small hill", while -najaro means "greatness". The last word also means "caravan" in Kichagga, the language of the skilled people settled around the lower slopes. According to ancient myths, Njaro is also the name of a fearful demon who was living on the summit. Last but not least: for the Waswahili people, drivers of caravans during the past centuries, the word Kilimajyaro was meaning "landmark".
CLIMATE ON KILIMANJARO
Likewise the whole northern region of Tanzania, also the ecosystem of the Kilimanjaro National Park, benefits from two rainy seasons (the short and the main rainy seasons) interspersed with two longer dry ones. And weather conditions on the mountain are, of course, a direct result of each season of the year related to the side and altitude of the mountain itself. Within the range of a few kilometres, conditions vary from equatorial to arctic. In general the temperature steadily decreases at about 1 Degree Celsius for every increase in altitude of 200 meters. The belt of dense forests around the lower slopes, from 1800 to 2800mt, benefits from a wet tropical climate, characterized by the highest average of rainfalls but, proceeding upward it will be noted that vegetation drastically decreases and finally disappears. And not as a consequence of height but because it is colder and dryer. Around the summit snow, permanent glaciers and below freezing temperatures offer quite a moon-like scenario. January, February and March are the warmest months, almost clear of clouds and with brief rain showers, followed by the main rainy season, which lasts from the beginning of April to mid-June. The temperature is still relatively warm but huge clouds drastically reduce visibility. Dense cloud formations massed over Kilimanjaro are dropping snow on the summit and heavy rains on the lower slopes: the monthly rainfall average could easily reach 200mm during up to 20 rainy days. The longest and driest season follows soon after: by late June and through July and August it can be very cold at night, but the sky is completely clear above 3000mt. It steadily gets warmer between September and the end of October, when daytime could also be clear but a dripping belt of soft clouds is usually girdling the whole Kilimanjaro above the forest or the moorland contour, leaving the summit and a few other distant peaks poking through. The short rainy period lasts from November to December, when afternoon thunderstorms are often dropping heavy showers. But, in general, the clouds will disappear around evening leaving an excellent visibility during nights and mornings.
BEST MONTHS TO ASCEND
The best months of the year to ascend Kibo, even though one could easily succeed throughout the year, are definitely January, February and September. Also good are July and August, but much colder, and November and December, which could be wetter.
KILIMANJARO NATIONAL PARK
Uhuru Peak (5896mt - 19 344 ft) is the highest summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest African mountain and one of the highest volcanoes of the world. It is also one of the few summits of the world which can be easily reached by trekkers, with the right preparation but without ropes or any kind of technical experience. The highest peak of Mawenzi, instead, is Hans Meyer Point (5149 mt), which - like all of the other Points nearby - cannot be reached by trekkers. It is rarely climbed by skilled mountaineers only. Since 1973 the entire area above the 2700mt contour has been declared a national park, while the external forest belt (between 1800 and 2800mt) has been forest reserve and game reserve since 1921. Regardless of the route chosen to ascend, all trekkers must register at one of the two gates where permits are available: Marangu and Machame.
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
Although Kibo’s summit is normally reached simply by trekking, without any technical climbing experience, the ascent always involves long walking distances along lower slopes and very steep and strenuous climbing close to the summit. This hike will put considerable strain on your lungs and legs. Adding to this the effects of the lack of oxygen typical of the higher altitudes, do not underestimate this mountain! It is advised that people suffering from stress or breathing, heart or lung problems, should not attempt ascending the mountain.
MARANGU ROUT AND MACHAME ROUT
The Marangu Route, also known as the "Coca Cola" or "tourist" route. It is the easiest and shortest route to the summit and many people in a hurry try to make the summit via this overcrowded route, although less than 50% will make it. 90% of the Kilimanjaro climbers use this route. This is also the only route with the 'comforts' of sleeping huts at every camp site with solar lights and comfortable beds. The huts are communal, and the bunks have a sponge mattress and pillow. Men's' and ladies' latrines are available at each camp but very basic. All climbing groups, share meals in dining huts; soft drinks (hence the nickname), bottled water, and beer are for sale at the huts. Bring small bills to purchase these items (prices increase with elevation).The route is usually done in 6 days.
The Machame Rout , also known as the “Whisky” route, is considered the most gorgeous route up Kilimanjaro of the beaten track. The piecemeal climb through the forest takes you a scene of wide views of the moorland on Shira plateau, Kibo and Western Breach. The Variance in the vegetation kinds found along the route make it the most popular vista route. Approach the top with an adaptation day by walking in the same heights (Barafu Camp to Karranga Valley Camp), and another day by stopping at Karranga Valley camp. Accommodation here is in mountain tents. The route done in six days is physically challenging for most people. The last two days (the trek from Barranco to Barafu and then the overnight trek to the summit) require mental and physical fitness for adaptation at Kilimanjaro. The last two days are to enhance you reach to the summit of the mountain.
TIPS AND INFORMATIONS FOR THOSE WHO PLAN TO CLIME KILIMANJARO
PHYSICAL FITNESS
Although Kilimanjaro is not a technical mountain climb, it is a major challenge and the rigors of altitude should not be underestimated. Remember that Uhuru peak is 500m higher than Everest Base Camp!! The pace of your ascent coupled with good acclimatization will help you on the climb but it is essential to be mentally and physically prepared before you start. Regular hikes are one of the best ways to prepare, increasing frequency and length, as you get closer to the trek. All aerobic exercises such as cycling, running, swimming and funnily enough aerobics are good for strengthening the cardiovascular system. Generally, any exercise that increases the heart rate for 20 minutes is helpful but don’t over do it just before the climb.
ALTITUDE AND ACCLIMITIZATION
Altitudes are generally defined as follows:
· High altitude 2,400m – 4,200m
· Very high altitude 4,200m – 5,400m
· Extreme altitude above 5,400m (Uhuru peak is 5,895m)
During the trek it is likely that all climbers will experience at least some form of mild altitude sickness. It is caused by the failure of the body to adapt quickly enough to the reduced level of oxygen in the air at an increased altitude. There are many different symptoms but the most common are headaches, light-headedness, nausea, loss of appetite, tingling in the extremities (toes, fingers) and a mild swell of ankles and fingers.These mild forms are not serious and will normally disappear within 48 hours.
PERSONAL FIRST AID KIT
The following first aid materials are important:
· Painkillers (asprin/paracetamol)
· Antihistamines
· Blister treatment
· Imodium or other antidiarrhoeal tablets
· Plaster/Band aids
· Antiseptic wipes
· Dressings, especially pressure relief for blisters
· Talcum powder
· Malaria tablets
· Sun block for skin and lips
· Antacids
· Cold cure sachets
· Oral rehydration salts/sachets
· Insect repellent
· Sanitary towels
.
OTHER HEALTH TIPS
All contact lens wearers should take care to remove the lenses at night, as the eye needs to absorb oxygen from the atmosphere. The rarefied conditions of altitude reduce oxygen levels and in extreme cases a Corneal Oedema can develop.
EMERGENCY EVACUATION
In the event of an emergency on the mountain the rescue team plus one of the assistant guides will descend with the casualty to the park gate. At the gate the casualty will be taken care and the necessary arrangements will be done.
PHOTOGRAPHY
Cameras whether Video or film, need to be protected against the severe cold weather either in warm pouch or the interior pockets of your clothing. Do not keep in your backpack at higher elevations. A selection of lenses will aid the final results although weight and bulk will obviously influence your selection. A polarized or neutral density filter is recommended, as is slide film rather than print. Bring your own film as it can be hard to find and expensive in Tanzania. For digital equipment, check with the manufacturer’s specifications for temperature range (especially battery life), water tightness and general hardiness.
DO’s AND DONT’s (precautions)
HELP TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT Waste Disposal: “Pack it in, Pack it out”.
Litter is not only ugly but can be harmful to people. Buried litter may be dug up by animals, and burning it is illegal, so – “ Pack it in – Pack it out” Until the appropriate disposal area.
PROTECT YOURSELF
Watch your steps: In highland areas watch for Stinging nettles plants which cause temporary painful irritation to bare skin, and may even sting through clothes. Shorts are not recommended where these occur.Ants: - These are small shiny brown ants that move rapidly in dense columns trails. They are carnivores and if you step in them they crawl up your legs and start chewing. Tuck your trouser cuffs into to your socks, and watch where you step.
DRESS RIGHT
Be prepared for different physical extremes.
In the Lowlands, shade temperatures can reach 35˚C and shade may sometimes be scarce
In the Highlands it may freeze at night. Fine weather can change very quickly to fog or rain. To keep you warm, wool and synthetics are better than cotton, but to keep you cool cotton is best.
Always protect yourself from the sun.
- A hat reduces the risk of sunstroke.
- Protect your eyes with dark glasses.
- Protect your skin with clothes or sun block lotion.
PEOPLE
- You are the guest of the locals and Tanzanians in general. Please treat them with respect.
- Always ask your guide to seek permission before photographing people before photographing people or anything.
- Avoid roadside photographic deals. They encourage resident people to harass tour vehicles. Never give anything to children from a car or by the roadside, you could cause the death of a child who runs out into the road to beg from cars
PARK ENVIRONMENTS:
- Try to avoid any interaction with wildlife. Wild animals particularly buffalo and elephants may attack if surprised or provoked.
- As the general Remark please observes all the park rules, your Guide will explain to you or you can read AT THE PARK Gate there are Precautions notice.
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MOUNTAIN CLIMBING GEAR CLOTHING CHECK LIST:
MOST OF YOUR CLOTHING THAT YOU ARE NOT ACTUALLY WEARING WILL BE CARRIED BY YOUR PORTER. ALTHOUGH A GUIDE WILL ALWAYS ACCOMPANY YOU ON THE TRAIL YOU ARE UNLIKELY TO SEE YOUR PORTER EXCEPT AT THE HUTS OR THE CAMPS. THEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT YOU PACK CAREFULLY THE SMALLER DAY PACK YOU CARRY YOURSELF. ANYTHING YOU NEED DURING THE COURSE OF THE DAY SHOULD BE IN YOUR DAY PACK INCLUDING, MOST IMPORTANTLY, SOMETHING WARM AND SOMETHING WATERPROOF. LIGHT CLOTHING IS GENERALLY SUFFICIENT UNTIL YOU REACH THE 3-4000 METRE / 12-14,000 FEET ALTITUDE RANGE PROVIDED YOU ALWAYS HAVE SOMETHING WARM AND WATERPROOF RIGHT WITH YOU. BEYOND THESE ALTITUDES, EVEN IF THE MORNINGS ARE GLORIOUS, YOU MUST ALWAYS BE READY FOR DRAMATIC CHANGES IN THE WEATHER, INCLUDING SNOW STORMS. YOU MUST HAVE CLOTHING RIGHT WITH YOU ADEQUATE TO THE CONDITIONS. IT IS FOR THE FINAL ASCENT THAT ALL YOUR WARM CLOTHING IS IMPORTANT. THE ASCENTS ARE NORMALLY DONE AT NIGHT AND THIS IS WHEN THE COLDEST TEMPERATURES ARE EXPERIENCED. YOU MUST BE PREPARED FOR TEMPERATURES OF MINUS 25 CELSIUS/ MINUS 13 FAHRENHEIT. AS A RULE YOU SHOULD WEAR 2 PAIRS OF SOCKS, 3 LAYERS ON THE LEGS, 4 -5 LAYERS ON TOP. A BALACLAVA OR SKIMASK IS NECESSARY TO KEEP THE HEAD WARM AND YOU SHOULD HAVE A HOOD TO PROTECT YOUR HEAD FROM WIND. MITTENS AND DARK GLASSES. NOTE: THE BAG THE PORTER CARRIES FOR YOU SHOULD NOT EXCEED 15KGS/33LBS. IF BAGS ARE TOO HEAVY ITEMS MAY HAVE TO BE REMOVED OR THE CLIMBER MAY CHOOSE TO HIRE AN ADDITIONAL PORTER.
1. ANORAK/PARKA WITH HOOD
2. MITTENS
3. BALACLAVA/SKIMASK
4. SKI SUNGLASSES
5. SCARF
6. 2 PAIRS WARM TROUSERS
7. THERMAL UNDERPANTS AND VEST/LONG SLEEVED
8. 6 PAIRS SOCKS THIN AND THICK
9. T-SHIRTS X 3, LONGSLEEVE SHIRTS X 2-3
10. SWEATER/FLEECE X 1
11. WATERPROOF TROUSERS AND JACKET
12. SUNPROOF HAT
13. BOOTS AND TRAINERS/SANDALS
14. SMALL FIRST AID KIT
15. DAY PACK
16. WATER BOTTLES 2 X 1 LTR
17. SLEEPING BAG
18. MATTRESS /THERMAREST-CAMPING ONLY
19. HEADACHE TABLETS
20. IMODIUM (LOPERAMIDE)
21. DIAMOX
22. TOWEL/SOAP/TOILETRIES
23. TORCH/FLASHLIGHT AND SPARE BATTERIES
24. GAITERS
25. SUNBLOCK/IN DAY PACK
26. CAMERA, FILM,BATTERIES
GEAR CHECKLIST:
· Sleeping Bag
· Sweater – thick
· Rain suit – full
· Rain suit – pants
· Duffel bag
· Day pack – rucksack
· Gaiters – long
· Walking stick
· Flashlight
· Balaclava
· Gloves
· Mountain boots
